The Bank of Japan just shocked markets with a policy tweak — here’s why it matters

From a market perspective, investors — many of whom were not expecting this move — were left wondering whether this is a mere technical adjustment, or the start of a more significant tightening cycle. Central banks tighten monetary policy when inflation is high, as demonstrated by the U.S. Federal Reserve and European Central Bank’s rate hikes over the past year.

“Fighting inflation was not the official reason for the policy tweak, as that would surely imply stronger tightening moves, but the Bank recognised obstinately elevated inflationary pressure by revising up its forecast,” Duncan Wrigley, chief China+ economist at Pantheon Macroeconomics, said in a note.

The BoJ said core consumer inflation, excluding fresh food, will reach 2.5% in the fiscal year to March, up from a previous estimate of 1.8%. It added that there are upside risks to the forecast, meaning inflation could increase more than expected.

Speaking at press conference following the announcement, BoJ Governor Kazuo Ueda played down the move to loosen its yield curve control. When asked if the central bank had shifted from dovish to neutral, he said: “That’s not the case. By making YCC more flexible, we enhanced the sustainability of our policy. So, this was a step to heighten the chance of sustainably achieving our price target,” according to Reuters translation.

MUFG said that Friday’s “flexibility” tweak shows the central bank is not yet ready to end this policy measure.

“Governor Ueda described today’s move as enhancing the sustainability of monetary easing rather than tightening. It sends a signal that the BoJ is not yet ready to tighten monetary policy through raising interest rates,” the bank’s analysts said in a note.

Capital Economics’ economists highlighted the importance of inflation figures looking ahead. “The longer inflation stays above target, the larger the chances that the Bank of Japan will have to follow up today’s tweak to Yield Curve Control with a genuine tightening of monetary policy,” they wrote.

But the timing here is crucial, according to Michael Metcalfe from State Street Global Markets.

“If inflation has indeed returned to Japan, which we believe it has, the BoJ will find itself needing to raise rates just as hopes for interest rate cuts rise elsewhere. This should be a medium-term positive for the JPY [Japanese yen], which remains deeply undervalued,” Metcalfe said in a note.

The effectiveness of the BoJ’s yield curve control has been questioned, with some experts arguing that it distorts the natural functioning of the markets.

“Yield curve control is a dangerous policy which needs to be retired as soon as possible,” Kit Juckes, strategist at Societe Generale said Friday in a note to clients.

“And by anchoring JGB (Japanese government bond) yields at a time when other major central banks have been raising rates, it has been a major factor in the yen reaching its lowest level, in real terms, since the 1970s. So, the BoJ wants to very carefully dismantle YCC, and the yen will rally as slowly as they do so.”

Pantheon Macroeconomics’ Wrigley agreed that the central bank is looking to move away from YCC, describing Friday’s move as “opportunistic.”

“Markets have been relatively calm and the Bank seized the opportunity to catch most investors by surprise, given the consensus for no policy change at today’s meeting,” he wrote.

“The markets are likely to test the BoJ’s resolve, as it probably will seek to engineer a gradual shift away from its yield control curve policy over the next year or so, while leaving the short-term rate target unchanged, as it still believes that Japan needs supportive monetary policy.”  

— CNBC’s Clement Tan contributed to this report.